Child Custody

At the S.L. Pitts family law firm in Seattle, we know how important your children are to you. You may be concerned about what your post-divorce relationship with your children will be like. You may also have many, many questions about how custody works, such as where your children will live, and who gets to make decisions, both big and small, about them? Here are answers to some of your most urgent questions about child custody in Washington State.

Many family law litigants assume that each parent has an inherent equal “right” to time with their child and that the court should and must grant a 50/50 parenting plan. This assumption is incorrect. The court does not and will not evaluate custody determinations between parents through the analytical framework of “parental rights.”

The “Best Interest of the Child” Determines Custody

Instead, Washington State courts are required to make child custody determinations based on the best interest of the child. This standard may result in the court ordering a 50/50 parenting plan, but not necessarily. Whether your case is heard at the King County Superior Court (Downtown Seattle Courthouse) or at the Maleng Regional Justice Center (MRJC – Kent) which handles extensive family law calendars, judges closely examine your family’s unique dynamics.

The court is guided by two related concepts when determining child custody:

1. preservation of the status quo, and
2. determining who the primary parent is.

The courts will also consider additional factors, such as if there are any other relatives, such as grandparents, who are involved in the child’s life and daily care.

Washington Child Custody: the Primary Goal is to Preserve Stability for the Children

While divorce necessarily alters the status quo for a child, Washington State courts almost universally recognize that the best thing for a child whose parents are divorcing is to preserve as much stability for the child as they possibly can. Where feasible, the court will endeavor to keep minor children in the family home. The court will want the children to continue their current activities and will not want to separate siblings. All of this is aimed at preserving stability for the children.

To preserve stability, the court must determine who the primary parent is. The primary parent is the one who performs the bulk of parenting duties for the child. Depending on the age of the child, this can include a broad range of things: who usually does the bedtime routine, who arranges and takes the child to medical appointments and activities, who helps the child with homework, etc. While all parents contribute to some extent to parenting duties, in most cases, one parent performs the lion’s share of these functions. Because the court’s primary focus is on preserving stability for the children, the court will order a parenting plan that ensures that the children spend most residential time with their primary parent. This typically results in the non-primary parent having some version of an every-other-weekend visitation schedule.

There is a Broad Range of Possible Custody Arrangements

When attorneys and courts talk about residential schedules, we do so in terms of a two-week or 14-day cycle. A 50/50 parenting plan would be called a “7/7 plan”: seven days with one parent, seven days with the other parent. A “10/4 plan” would be ten days with one parent and four days with the other parent. Most non-primary parents have plans that range from 12/2 to 9/5 plans. In plain language, that means the non-primary parent has every other weekend, which can be anything from Friday after school to Sunday evening to Thursday after school to Tuesday morning return to school. It’s also common for the non-primary parent to have a mid-week visit on their off week, which could be anything from a dinner with the child to a mid-week overnight.

The exact plan will often depend on the age and developmental needs of a child. Practical logistical factors, such as school districts and daily commute feasibility across the I-90 / SR-520 Floating Bridges when parents live across Seattle and the Eastside, are also critical elements in establishing smooth transitions. If a child is very young, then the court will be reluctant to separate them from their primary parent for more than one or two overnights. As a child gets older, the court will be more willing to grant larger blocks of time to the non-primary parent during the summer (when the primary parenting functions associated with school and activities are significantly reduced).

There is no one-size-fits-all approach to structuring parenting plans and, ideally, each one should be tailored to a family’s individual needs. Dr. Philip M. Stahl authored a very helpful parenting plan guide for the state of Arizona that does a good job of outlining some of the many residential schedules available and which ones are appropriate for the age and developmental needs of a child.

Absent a Special Circumstance, Courts Usually Order Joint Decision Making

In an emergency, each parent is given full authority to make decisions on behalf of the child. If your child has just been taken to the emergency room with a broken arm, you can authorize the physician to immediately provide medical care for your child without first obtaining the other parent’s consent.

However, most decisions are not emergencies. Which pediatrician to select, which sport to enroll the child in, whether the child should get a tattoo: all of these are non-emergency decisions that the court will typically expect the parents to make jointly.

However, where one parent has abused either the child or the other parent, the court will restrict the abusive parent’s ability to participate in major decisions.

Special Circumstances Affecting Child Custody in Washington State

In addition to the above considerations, there are several other factors that can have a significant impact on the court’s determination of child custody, some of which are discussed below.

If a parent has a drug or alcohol impairment, then it will likely result in restrictions on that parent’s time with the children. While the court will always strive to maintain a child’s relationship with both parents, a child’s safety necessarily takes top priority. Where there are credible concerns that a parent’s drug or alcohol use impairs their ability to safely care for the child, the court will likely require that parent to successfully complete drug or alcohol treatment before being granted a normalized visitation schedule with the child.

Similarly, if a parent abused the child, the court will likely restrict that parent’s custody until they can show that the child will be safe in their custody. A parent who has committed domestic violence toward the child will usually need to complete domestic violence treatment and several months of counseling prior to a normalized visitation schedule. In some instances, an abusive parent may have their visitation permanently restricted or even terminated.

In high-conflict cases, courts will often structure child custody plans to minimize contact between the parents. Whether your family law matter is assigned to the King County Superior Court (Downtown Seattle Courthouse) or the Maleng Regional Justice Center (MRJC – Kent), local judicial officers routinely implement strict exchange protocols for high-conflict divorces. This might entail fewer exchanges in favor of longer visitations or using pick up and drop off at school as the exchange so that the parents rarely have to interact. In addition, because high-conflict parents are generally incapable of making decisions together, it is not uncommon in these cases to award sole decision-making rights to the primary parent.

Our Seattle Child Custody Lawyers at S.L. Pitts Can Help to Protect Your Bond with Your Children

Our Seattle family lawyers have decades of experience helping parents to resolve their child custody disputes and to create customized parenting plans for their unique family situation. If you have questions about child custody in Washington State, including parenting plans and decision-making authority, contact the child custody attorneys at S.L. Pitts today. We will work hard to safeguard the all-important relationship between you and your children both during and after divorce.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between sole legal custody and joint legal custody under Washington law?

Under Washington State family law, the term “legal custody” is formally expressed through “decision-making authority” within a court-ordered Parenting Plan. Joint legal custody (joint decision-making) requires both parents to confer and reach mutual agreement on major non-emergency decisions affecting the child’s life, including healthcare providers, elective medical procedures, schooling, religious upbringing, and driver’s licenses. Conversely, sole legal custody (sole decision-making) grants one parent the exclusive legal authority to make all major decisions for the child without obtaining the other parent’s prior consent or approval.

Can one parent make major medical or educational decisions without the other?

Under a joint decision-making arrangement, neither parent can unilaterally make major non-emergency decisions regarding medical care or education. For example, enrolling a child in a new private school, changing medical providers, or initiating elective surgeries requires mutual written consent. However, day-to-day routine parenting decisions, such as bedtime routines, minor discipline, daily homework management, and standard meals, remain under the sole discretion of whichever parent has physical care of the child during their scheduled residential time. In genuine emergency situations where immediate medical care is necessary, either parent is legally authorized to consent to treatment.

What legal remedies exist if a joint decision-making agreement reaches an impasse?

When parents with joint decision-making authority cannot agree on a major decision, Washington parenting plans mandate specific dispute resolution mechanisms before either parent can seek court intervention. Typically, the parenting plan requires the parties to submit the issue to a neutral mediator, a court-appointed arbitrator, or a parenting coordinator. If alternative dispute resolution fails or if one parent refuses to participate in good faith, either party can file a motion in King County Superior Court asking a judge to resolve the impasse or modify the parenting plan to grant one parent sole decision-making for that specific area.

Under what specific circumstances will Washington courts award sole decision-making authority?

Under RCW 26.09.187 and RCW 26.09.191, Washington courts will award sole decision-making authority to one parent under specific statutory circumstances. Most notably, mandatory restrictions apply if a parent has a history of physical abuse, domestic violence, sexual assault, or chronic child neglect. Furthermore, courts will award sole decision-making if there is a history of severe substance abuse, severe emotional abuse, a prolonged absence from parenting duties, or when high levels of interpersonal conflict make it impossible for the parents to cooperate and reach joint decisions without causing harm to the child.

How are custody arrangements structured when parents have high-demand executive or international travel schedules?

Parenting plans for executives and frequent corporate travelers are carefully structured with built-in flexibility and clear protocols. These plans typically feature executive scheduling provisions that incorporate advance travel notification requirements (often 14 to 30 days prior notice), right-of-first-refusal clauses (offering the non-traveling parent extra residential time before engaging third-party care), robust virtual visitation agreements (prescheduled FaceTime/Zoom calls), and formal international travel consent protocols, including notarized consent documents and defined passport possession protocols.

How can tech executives and business owners maintain consistent residential schedules despite complex travel?

Tech executives and business owners navigate unpredictable corporate travel by utilizing customized, adaptive parenting plans. These agreements include minimum 14-to-30-day advance travel notification clauses to allow both parents time to coordinate schedules, right-of-first-refusal terms that prioritize the other parent for childcare, and compensatory residential time provisions that allow the traveling parent to make up missed parenting days within a reasonable window, ensuring that international business travel does not permanently erode the parent-child relationship.

How do courts allocate nanny expenses, private schooling costs, and extracurricular fees in high-asset cases?

In high-income and high-asset cases, basic statutory child support calculations often do not reflect the true child-rearing expenses. Under Washington law, additional mandatory expenses, such as private school tuition, full-time nanny care, elite sports, tutoring, and international travel for extracurricular activities, are typically apportioned between parents proportionally based on their respective net incomes. Alternatively, courts can issue discretionary high-income add-on orders or deviation adjustments under RCW 26.19 to ensure the child maintains the standard of living enjoyed during the marriage.

What contract clauses prevent one parent from alienating a child during extended corporate travel?

To prevent parental alienation during extended business or corporate travel, parenting plans incorporate strict anti-alienation and non-interference provisions. These enforceable clauses mandate direct, unmonitored telephonic or video access (such as daily FaceTime or Zoom calls at dedicated times), explicit prohibitions against disparaging or undermining the absent parent, and non-interference rules that forbid the residential parent from blocking, recording, or interjecting during scheduled communication windows between the child and the traveling parent.

How are virtual visitation schedules and international travel consents structured in tech parenting plans?

Tech-oriented parenting plans specify precise virtual visitation protocols, such as scheduled daily or bi-weekly FaceTime, Zoom, or video calling windows, equipped with requirements for devices to be charged and made available to the child in a private setting. For international travel, these plans mandate detailed travel consent procedures, including requiring the traveling parent to provide a minimum 30-day written notice with complete flight itineraries, hotel/lodging addresses, emergency contact details, and an executed, notarized Hague Convention-compliant travel consent letter prior to departure.